The purpose of this research is to predict resilience based on the social anxiety of female heads of households. The current research is practical in terms of the type of goal. The statistical population of this research consists of female heads of households between 18 and 50 years old. Related research using 26SPSS software and The statistical models of multivariate regression analysis were analyzed by algebraic method and simple regression analysis. The results showed that the variable “social anxiety” is a significant predictor of “resilience”

Stroke is one of the causes of permanent disability in adults. The varying degrees of functional impairment in stroke patients not only reduces the quality of survival but also adds to the economic burden on families and society. Rehabilitation in hospital and at home is an important intervention for stroke patients to return to life. As the incidence of stroke and disability rates increase each year, the need for post-stroke rehabilitation is becoming increasingly significant. With the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, it has become increasingly difficult for stroke patients to travel to rehabilitation hospitals for regular rehabilitation. The use of lower limb rehabilitation robots to assist in the telerehabilitation of stroke patients is gaining importance in clinical applications. This paper reviews the clinical studies of the lower limb rehabilitation robot in improving motor and balance functions, gait and functional independence in stroke patients in three separate areas, with the aim of providing a reference for the development of scientific and efficient telerehabilitation services for stroke.

The early twenty years of the 21st century were an important decade for Chinese radio to survive in the cracks, both in the glorious moment of rapid development of traffic broadcasting and in the profit-seeking problem of the proliferation of health care programs. This paper explores the reasons for the proliferation of health care programs in Chinese broadcasting in the first two decades of the 21st century and proposes corresponding countermeasures.

Background: Due to the current COVID-19 pandemic situation many factors around us have changed. Preliminary surveys and reports have indicated this unprecedented situation is putting high academic demands and extraordinary pressure on the students. The newly introduced open book pattern of online examination which was conducted very recently definitely was a different experience for all the students as well as teachers and it also had its own pros and cons. Given the recency of this pandemic situation and pervasive use of traditional methods of closed book examination, scientific studies are lacking in this context. Methodology: It was a cross-sectional survey conducted in physiotherapy students using an online questionnaire. Through this qualitative analysis we assessed the overall impact of online examination with an aim to determine the prevalence of stress and its determinants. In addition, students’ experience with respect to different phases of online examination (preparing, responding and learning) was investigated. Results & Conclusion: The prevalence of academic stress was very high (94.4％) among undergraduate physiotherapy students (n=642) in the context of online exams conducted in the pandemic crisis situation. This alarmingly high proportion of students experiencing stress warrants urgent and special attention with effective interventions. While examination related factors are identified as major stressors, many psychosocial factors are also found to exert a considerable influence on exam experience and are implicated to affect the mental health and academics of the students. Open book exam was advantageous to the students in terms of reducing stress while mixed results were found in terms of learning and study skills.

Background: Technology has advanced significantly within the past decade and along with that has come the ability to use a variety of devices for academic purposes. While this can make accessing information much easier and allow for new organizational methods, it can also provide the opportunity for more distractions. Sleep is fundamental to optimal functioning including health and behaviour. This paper describes the interrelations between screen use, sleep and academic performance. The purpose of this study was to explore technology use and its impact on sleep and academics in physiotherapy students in This novel pandemic lockdown and how the increased screen media usage and the uncertainty of the situation has an impact on their academic performance. We examined how this distraction potential can play a role in studying experiences and academic performance. A representative sample of 150 Physiotherapy students were surveyed to quantify technology use, sleep pattern, mental health and academic performance. Results: 73.3％ of the population agreed that screen time did affect their sleeping pattern in the lockdown, 84.7％ of the students conveyed that they could not perform study related activities optimally as per their academic capacity. 56.7％ of the population also agreed that excessive screen time hindered their ability to perform academically well. Conclusion: This study provides preliminary insights into excessive screen time and its association with academic performance in Physiotherapy students.

Background: Newborn morbidity and mortality occur significantly in most developing countries, E daily Newborn Care is simple, cost effective measures can improve neonatal outcome. Objective: To assess nurses’ knowledge regarding daily newborn Care. Method: Descriptive cross-sectional hospital based study was conducted in march-2018at Al Ribat university hospital. The sample included (50) nurses who agreed to participate in this study. The data was collected using self-administered questionnaire in English language, questionnaire divided into two parts demographic characteristics, and nurses’ knowledge regarding daily newborn care. Statistic data was analyzed by computer using SPSS program and presented in simple figures. Result: In this study, 60％ of participants knew correctly newborn age.94％ knew instrument use for cord cutting, 88％ knew material use to tie the cord, 72％ knew the cord should be well tie, a and more than half nurses’ 52％ knew umbilical cord should be leaved uncovered. About 54％ knew time of warped baby before delivery of placenta. The majority of participant knew the important of place new born on the mother chest. And 58％ knew the benefit of kangaroo mother care, 58％ knew it need for all babies. 72％ correctly define hypothermia 64％ knew signs of hypothermia, and 67％ knew complication of hypothermia. About 56％ of responding nurses’ aware about the bathing of the newborn should be at least after 6 hours. Only22 ％ of nurses was known that vitamin K at birth can be taken orally and intramuscularly,82％ knew it give to prevent bleeding ,only 50％ knew dose of vitamin K for term baby, 54％ knew signs of vitamin K deficiency.

Objective: The aging in rural areas is severe at present. In order to solve the problem of imperfect service for the aged, especially in the elderly care, ERG theory is applied to the rural elderly medical service system, to explore and realize the diversified needs of the elderly and improve the quality of life of the elderly. Methods: According to the ERG demand level theory, the paper analyzes the demand of rural elderly at all levels, integrates the elderly demand with rural and social resources, and analyzes the supply subject, service mode and service environment in the service system, and explores the cooperative relationship among the multiple providers in the service system, to formulate innovative design strategy of rural pension service system. Conclusion: Based on ERG theory, the rural pension service system is designed, and the basic life service, medical health service, social entertainment service and self-development service are built. Meanwhile, the multiple supply entities are linked and interdependent. The whole service system realizes the dynamic balance of supply and demand and the circular sharing of service closed-loop.

The Finger Tip Unit (FTU) is a subjective description without metric value for quantifying dosage for topical medications but recently Finger Tip Unit Metric Length (FTUML) was being advocated for. However, a modified clinical syringe tube is being speculated to be more appropriate than FTUML but its reliability and validity is yet to be ascertained, hence the need for this study. The objectives of this study were to determine the Inter-rater Reliability and Concurrent Validity of the modified syringe. Fifty apparently healthy participants were recruited using sample of convenience. The major instruments were 5mm diameter nozzle syringe, methyl salicylate cream and tape ruler. The principal investigator filled the syringe tube (nozzle modified to 5mm opening) with methyl salicylate cream and ensured no vacuum or air was trapped within it. The cream was ejected through the nozzle and applied on the participant’s index finger from distal skin-crease to the tip (Finger Tip Unit Metric Length [FTUML]). The volume (ml) ejected from the syringe was recorded and the length (cm) of (FTUML) expelled from the syringe was also measured and recorded by the principal investigator using the standard and validated inelastic tape ruler. The Assistant investigator re-measured the FTUML of the applied cream using inelastic tape in another cubicle, blinded to the previous measurement. There were two testing days and the same procedure was adopted for day 2. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation and Pearson’s product moment correlation. There was significant correlation between the volume of methyl salicylate cream expelled from the 5mm nozzle on both days of testing (r=0.94, p = 0.001). There were also significant correlations between the volume of methyl salicylate cream expelled from the 5mm nozzle and FTUML measured by both testers on day one (r=0.94, p=0.001; r=0.95, p=0.001). Generally, a high correlation range between 0.83 and 0.98 (p = 0.001) were established for all measurements using both Syringe and FTUML. It was concluded that the 5mm nozzle modified syringe is a reliable and valid tool for quantifying topical methyl salicylate cream.

Health care is a system of state, group and individual measures for the improvement, preservation and restoration of health. The goal of health care is the promotion, ie improvement of health, prevention of diseases, timely detection of diseases, effective treatment and rehabilitation. Health care is organized on three levels, such as primary, secondary and tertiary health care. Health care is divided into consultative health care, hospital treatment, specialist health care and outpatient treatment. Health crises, an aging population, rising expectations regarding the quality of services and technological advances call into question the sustainability and resilience of health systems. These factors point to the need for structural adjustments and reforms to improve public health and increase the efficiency, resilience and sustainability of health systems, while guaranteeing equal access to quality services.

Background: Diarrhea is the major cause of morbidity and mortality among children less than 5 years of age. Adequate rehydration therapy is most important aspect of management. Home based Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) prevents morbidity and mortality. In this study our objective was to assess the awareness and knowledge of mothers regarding home management of diarrheal disease for children less than five years in gaffer ibnauf specialized children hospital. Methods:This study was descriptive cross-sectional in gaffer ibnauf specialized children hospital. A questionnaire was provided to all the mothers admitted by child of under-five.in gastroenteritis word.Results: A total of 50 mothers 60％ of mothers have awareness understand the term childhood diarrhea. 52％ of mothers were aware of signs of diarrhea. 48.0％ of mothers aware the severe symptoms noticed in child with diarrhea. 40.0％ of mothers identify the mode of diarrhea spread, and more than halve mothers had poor knowledge. 52.0％ of mother ware aware the danger of diarrhea. 42.0％ of respondents were aware that dehydration is associatedwith acute loss of water and salt from the body. 52.0％ of responder had a good knowledge about the management of diarrhea. 64.0％ of the respondents were aware about the composition of oral rehydration therapy. 48.0％ of the respondents had knowledge how to avoid some diet (like fat and fiber) in order to prevent diarrhea.Conclusions:The study concluded that mothers had good knowledge about definition, signs, symptoms, main danger of diarrhea, composition of ORT, important of fluid and breastfeed continuation, and they had poor knowledge about the diet control types of diarrheal diseases and mode of its transmission.

This study aimed to assess the nurses’ perceptions of using social media (SM) to enhance nurses’ role in health education at governmental primary health care centers in Gaza governorates. A quantitative, cross-sectional study using a valid and reliable self-administered questionnaire was conducted between June and November 2019 following a census sampling method. A total of 139 nurses from nine centers classified as the fourth level of primary health care (PHC) centers in the Gaza strip participated in this study. A five-point Likert scale was used to collect information on nurses perceptions according to SMs role in health education. The study results showed that 71.2％ of participants have email or an account on SM; about 51％ of participants use SM and the internet for work-related matters. 57.5％ of participants stressed that the nature of work in a primary health care center requires using internet. 89％ of nurses mentioned that they share and follow health care centers SM pages and platforms. The contribution of SM in increasing health education among health care workers was high, about 76.4％. 83.2％ of nurses stated that SM could be better utilized in health education through formal and reliable channels. 82.8％ said that SM platforms provide health information quickly. 71.4％ reported that they use their page to publish health-related topics. Using SM is very beneficial and supportive in health education and communication. Therefore, employing SM to improve nursing roles according to the current possibilities and develop them later according to the available options is valuable. This was the first study in the Palestinian context on nurses’ perception of using social media to enhance health education at governmental primary health care centers using a comprehensive and reliable assessment tool.

Gaza Strip is frequently living under unstable security situations, which raised the need to have emergency plans to enable hospitals to handle the increased casualties. Aim: This study aimed to assess Shohada Al Aqsa hospital preparedness for disasters. Methods: The study utilized descriptive, observational design. For data collection, the researcher used the modified Hospital Disaster Preparedness Assessment Tool developed by The American College of Emergency Physicians 2017. Results: The results showed that the average availability of safety and security measures was 77.8％, the average availability of logistics was 68.75％, the average availability of readiness and training was 59.52％, the average usage of triage system was 95.25％, and the average availability of communications, warning, and notification was 89.57％. Conclusion and recommendations: the results reflected a generally moderate level of preparedness for disasters. These findings must be considered as preliminary to further studies to improve the level of hospitals preparedness for crisis and disastrous events. The study recommended the need to conduct exercises and drills of the emergency plan to empower staffs knowledge and skills in managing emergency events more effectively.

Introduction: womens have damageable of mental and physicals struck more than men. Studies show that about 11％ of street women has addiction, moreover they have aggressive behaviours. Aim: This study is a quasi experimental study to compare effectiveness of teaching Rational Emotive Therapy on Flexability and Mental Health Women with Sexual High risk and Substance Abuse Behaviours. Methods : The study sample consisted of 120 women with substance abuse and sexual high risk behaviours of Rasht city that refer to TC and health center. Subjects which were selected by simple random sampling, study design was dobelgroup quasi experimental of pretest - posttest with control group type. Data collection tool for this study consisted of a questionnaire for flexability designed by Konor and Davison and questionnaire SCL-90-R. Flexability and SCL-90-Rquestionnaire as a pre-test and post-test questionnaires were administered. Teaching Rational Emotive Therapy subjects attended in 10 structured 2 hour duration training sessions per week respectively, but the control group did not receive any training. In order to analyze the data at descriptive statistics level the mean and standard deviation were used and at Inferential statistics level Covariancemulti analysis post hoc test was used. Result: the result showed that effectiveness of teaching Rational Emotive Therapy on Flexability and Mental Health Women with Sexual High risk and Substance Abuse Behaviours. Conclusion: Ellis approach was kind of multi approach that investigated of negative cognition and so many research approved it.

Background: Studies are carried out to determine association between a particular exposure and an outcome of interest. The results of these studies showing statistically significant relationships does not imply cause and effect relationship. Consumers of research outputs are more likely to accept the validity and reliability of research findings where causal relationship is determined. Objective: To elaborate on the criteria for consideration before a relationship between an exposure and an outcome can be considered to be causative. Literature Search Strategy: The search terms used were exposure, outcome, independent variable, dependent variable, causation, causality, association, and relationship in various combinations. Titles and abstracts of articles containing various combinations of the search terms were retrieved from medline via PUBMED, Cochrane library, Google Scholar, and Web of science with no year or language limits. Grey literature was also searched for relevant articles. Full papers of relevant articles were critically reviewed. Results: It is evident in scientific literature that the statistically significant relationships we derive from probability values (p - values) and confident intervals does not imply cause and effect relationship. Causal relationship is a complicated process. It is justifiable to consider component cause, sufficient cause and necessary cause in this regard. There is also the need to utilize the Bradford Hills criteria of causation in making a decision on causality. Conclusion: Once a cause and effect association has been established in studies beyond any reasonable doubt, action can be taken to change public policy, legislation, health education, clinical practice, or the direction of research.

Context: Today, excessive weight gain is considered a growing threat to developed countries, and those sending development. The problem of obesity affects all social strata of sex and age combined. This vulnerability is noted as much among the school children of the world, without however sparing those of Chad. The objective of this study was to determine the nature of the foods consumed by Chadian children suffering from obesity. Methodology: A total of 436 overweight and obese subjects recruited from 12 schools in the cities of Moundou and Doba formed the sample for this study. All children were subjected to anthropometric measurements and clinical examinations. Eating habits were measured using the 24h Recall. Results: The prevalence of overweight was 76.39％, that of obesity 23.61％. These results were obtained using the body mass index (BMI) formula. Thus, 68.11％ had the abdominal perimeter <1m followed by 9.26％ between 1.10m and 1.20m. There was a close relationship between BMI and the Abdominal Perimeter (p <0.0001). According to the results, (39.90％) did not practice sport; only 31.65％ practiced football with a long time in front of the television. The surveys carried out made it possible to assess the frequency of meals for pupils in public and private primary schools in these two cities, consisting mainly of breakfast, lunch and dinner followed by afternoon tea and snacks. The consumption of fruits and vegetables was unfavorable. Dietary fiber was also little consumed. However, the consumption of foods such as starchy foods (32.79％), cereals (72.70％), animal proteins (54.58％), vegetable proteins (29.35％), sweet products (94.49％), dairy products (78.21％), sugary or carbonated drinks (66.28％) were more noticeable, a significant difference (p <0.001). In conclusion: Our results indicate that the nutritional status of Chadian school children is abnormal, the food consumed is a source of overweight and obesity. It is important to change eating habits in order to fight childhood obesity in Chad.

Air pollution affects people’s health and daily life. In previous studies, mean exposure response coefficient was often used to study the impact of air pollution on health. However, using the mean exposure response coefficient weakens the impact of air pollution on children and the elderly. This paper optimized the use of exposure response coefficient, taking Beijing from 2014 to 2018 as an example, used Integrated Exposure-response (IER) model and life table to estimate the number of premature deaths and years of potential life lost (YPLL), and compared the results before and after optimization. Results show that with the reduction of PM2.5 concentration, the number of premature deaths of Beijing in 2018 decreased by about 2,000 compared with 2014, and YPLL decreased by 0.2 y. By comparing the results before and after optimization, it was found that previous studies had weakened the impact of PM2.5 on human health. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish ages in air pollution studies. When the question involves the population of all ages, the result of mean exposure response coefficient could be used as the lower limit of the research results.

The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is rapidly rising worldwide during the recent decade. Diabetes Mellitus is associated with a high prevalence of vascular diseases. These alterations result from the interaction between hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, inflammation and oxidative stress. This study was conducted to investigate the coagulation profile in type 2 diabetic patients in order to find out the extent of their exposure to thrombotic risk. A total of 60 consented patients of T2DM were involved in the study, 56％ were males and 44％ were females , 30 non-diabetic participants were enrolled as controls. The coagulation profile (PT, INR and APTT) were measured by the Coagulometer analyzer and the results were interpreted in seconds. The results of coagulation tests revealed that the Prothrombin Time (PT), for T2DM patients was lower insignificantly than that of the control participants (p value was 0.102),while APTT and INR were significantly lower for T2DM patients in comparing to controls with P value of 0.006 and 0.007, respectively. The study concluded that type 2 diabetes mellitus patients are more hypercoagulable than non-diabetic subjects & in female patients more than males. Hence, Evaluation of coagulation profile should be evaluated regularly in T2DM patients. Further studies are needed to be conducted with inclusion of other coagulation profile tests like fibrinogen and von Willbrand factor (vWf).

Background and objective: Family centered care is an innovative approach to design, implement and evaluate the health care implemented through a reciprocal participation of providers of the carers, patients, and families. Recognizing and paying attention to the families who have a patient in an ICU is an essential part of nurses’ responsibilities. The present study is aimed at clarifying the concept of family centered care and shedding more light into its specifications, outcomes, and results in nursing. Methodology: The study was carried out using Rodgers Evolutionary concept analysis approach. Published papers between 1997 and 2018 on family centered care in nursing ICU patients were searched in ScienceDirect, Pub Med, Proquest, Google Scholar, Cochrane, IranMedex, Magiran, and SID. The keywords used in the search were “family centered care, ICU patients, barriers, and executive approaches” and the Farsi equivalents. Findings: The key points of family centered care were respecting family members, dynamic and flexible care, giving honest information to family for decision making, cooperating at all care levels of the medical system, proper planning to cooperate with patients and families, and giving family members in optimal patient care. Conclusion: Taking into account the critical condition of patients in ICUs, family centered care is one of the ways to give the family members a role in making decision about the cares provided to the patient. This leads to a higher satisfaction in the family members. Given the unique structure of ICUs, the executive barriers of family cntered care should be taken into account by the policy makers in nursing profession.

The purpose of the present research is to determine the effectiveness of self-control skill trainings on reduction of aggression and improvement of self-control among male juvenile delinquents in Tehran’s correction and rehabilitation center. The present research employs a quasi-experimental approach and uses pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population of the present study comprises of all male juvenile delinquents in Tehran’s correction and rehabilitation center in 2015; the sampling is carried out using random sampling method. As a result, 30 young adult boys are selected and randomly assigned to either control group (15 individuals) or experimental group (15 individuals). As a pre-test, Tangney self-control questionnaire has been given to both groups. Self-control skill training as the independent variable has been administered to the experimental group for 10 sessions and twice a week, while the control group receives no trainings. After the intervention, as a post-test, Tangney self-control questionnaire is once again given to both groups. The results of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) indicate that self-control skill trainings have improved self-control in male juvenile delinquents as well as reduced their aggression. Based on the findings of the present research, it is suggested that self-control training is adopted as an educational approach in order to increase self-control and reduce aggression among young adults, especially juvenile delinquents.

Stresses among caregivers of children with intellectual developmental disabilities is pervasive and linked to lower quality of life, unhealthy family functioning, and negative psychological consequences. This study aimed to assess physical and psychological burden on caregivers of children with intellectual developmental disabilities. This was a descriptive cross-sectional hospitals based study conducted in Khartoum state at three outpatient psychiatric clinics which included Soba University, Omdurman Military and Altegani Almahi Hospitals. Simple random sampling method was used. This sample included 300 caregivers of children with intellectual developmental disabilities that met selection criteria. Data was collected by the researcher using interview questionnaire and Zarit burden interview scale and analyzed by SPSS version 22. From the total of 300 caregivers, 273 (90.0％) were mothers, 274 (91.3％) of caregivers spent more than 8hours with their disabled children per day. Regarding caregivers burden, the physical burden was experienced by 102 (34.0％), while 126 (42.0％) complained of psychological burden. Family support for 154(51.3％) come from fathers of children, 273(91.0％) of them only participated in providing child needs. With respect to children with intellectual developmental disabilities 183 (61.0％) were males, disorders of 219 (73.0％) children started as early as age 0-4 years. One third of those children, 104 (34.7％) had epilepsy. Moderate disorders were observed in135 (45.0％) of the children while in 197 (65.7％) was associated with convulsions. 112 (37.3％) were using sodium valporate for treatment while some children were using other drugs. The problem was that 187 (62.3％) had no affiliation. Chi square was used to determine the correlation between burdens and socio-demographic characteristics, where the overall burden ranged from mild to moderate (53.7％). The study concluded that the caregivers of disabled children experienced physical and psychological burden while caring for their children. Family caregivers who look after other family members need special assistance and attention; otherwise they would become totally depressed by the heavy burden.

Breast cancer is sometimes found after symptoms appear, but many women with breast cancer have no symptoms. This is why regular breast cancer screening is so important. Finding breast cancer early and getting state-of-the-art cancer treatment are the most important strategies to prevent deaths from breast cancer. Breast cancer that’s found early, when it’s small and has not spread, is easier to treat successfully. Getting regular screening tests is the most reliable way to find breast cancer early. Early detection of breast cancer gives the best possible chance of survival. The earlier an abnormality is discovered, the greater the number of effective treatment options available. This ensures the best possible outcome. This paper describes various techniques of detecting the breast cancer as its necessary to detect it and only after that one can enhance or treat the same. It also gives the result that why screening is important to women for this.

The remarkable growth of information and telecommunication technologies that has been noticed in the last decades caused a gradual growth of the usage of e-health services. On the other hand, these services are often proved vulnerable to security issues, especially if we take into consideration the importance of medical confidentiality and patient-data protection for the health sector. In this case, the usage of digital certificates and generally the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) service could be a valuable tool. In fact, PKI is not only a technological solution but also a new service that must be integrated with the relevant existing applications and it could be used in the following manner: identification to doctors and patients and digitally signed patient’s consent in case of electronic prescription, remote access, co-operation between doctors etc. Finally, at the application level, the successful implementation of any service in health sector will be corollary of the leadership’s persistence to enforce the new model and to manage this change, so minimizing the resistance and achieving the effective co-operation of the health-care participants.

Cancer is a general term that refers to the cells that grow and multiply out of control and possibly spread to the other parts of the body. The most common type cancer prevalent in women is breast cancer. Regular mammography is recommended to the women for keeping the track of cancerous growth. Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) can be applied to increase the enhancement level that can lead to decrease in the number of cases of cancer that are missed in mammograms. The computer output indicating the potential abnormalities may be useful to assist the radiologists especially in screening of the micro calcifications. This paper describes the various techniques for enhancement of microcalification in mammogram and also gives result in the end that which one is best.

Viruses have long been suspected to contribute to the onset of T1D; Rubella virus is a non-segmented, single-stranded RNA enveloped virus that belongs to the togavirus family. It has been implicated in T1D, as patients with congenital syndrome (CRS) had a higher incidence of T1D than the general population. It is objected that to evaluate the sero-prevalence of anti-rubella IgG antibodies in type 1DM patients compared to non-diabetic children.A total number of 45 diabetic type 1 patients and 45 as control were enrolled in the study. Male to female ratio was 1: 1 among the two groups. Age range between 6 -18 years with a mean of 12,6 ±3.1 for the patients and the range was 9 -18 for the control with a mean 16.5 ± 2.4 The majority of the participants were from Bahri locality. All the participants declared no history of rubella infection or vaccination against rubella taken The result obtained in this study was that more than 75％ of the study groups showed IgG antibodies seropositivity and insignificant correlation (p= 0.525) was found when comparing the diabetic patients with the control.

Human life expectancies and mortality rates are of crucial concern for national and international health organizations because they provide good estimation for monitoring of health quality. Worlds Health Organization (WHO) provides comprehensive database record for its regular observations for the nations globally. Analysis of web-based data of WHO using statistical software was conducted using statistical programs after stratification and processing of database. Results showed that life expectancy and Health Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE) for developed and wealthy countries are much higher than that for developing and poor countries. Box plot diagrams demonstrated the pattern of the global distribution of these parameters with aberrant low values of survivability and high incidence of mortalities pertained for poor nations. The quality of life is also reflected by death rates at different age groups and the maternal probability of mortality. These markers are highly correlated and each one could be used as predictor or indicator for the other parameters which are evident in Contour plot. Modeling of worldwide survivability distribution estimated that the best pattern describing data is Generalized Extreme Value distribution (GEV). On the other hand, the best distribution fitting for mortality rates could be described by both Log-normal and Weibull (3) distributions. The study showed that despite the great advancement in health sciences and technologies in the recent decades and the massive efforts done by national and international organizations to improve human life around the world, a huge gap still exists at different geographical regions globally between rich and needy nations which is a reflection of inherent and may be persistent challenges that still affect the quality of the life environment in these suffering countries.

The Asperger syndrome (AS) is a disorder that it is manifested worldwide. It is characterized by difficult with social communication and restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interest, or activities. It is included as a separated several conditions scientific knower: autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. The relationship between sex/gender differences and AS has attracted a variety of research ranging from clinical and neurobiological to etiological, stimulated by the male bias in AS prevalence. The aim of this study was to review the clinic aspects of AS and physiotherapeutic and psychiatric treatment of this disorder, and the neurobiological findings.

Cancer is one of the major contributors to the global disease burden with a devastating effect on the socio-economic status of any nation. In Africa countries, the rising number of new cases of cancer and the geographical disproportionate pattern has become a challenge to the continent’s public healthcare system. Thus, the study seeks to investigate the trend of cancer on the continent by reviewing previous works of literature and by examining the challenges surrounding the scourge of this disease. Inference from the study shows that for effective combat against cancer, different countries on the continent need to commit sufficient resources to cancer care and encourage early screening procedures in order to reduce the late presentation of the diseases which is often the case in many African countries.

One of the central focuses of the global health initiative of the United Nations (UN) is the reduction of the burden of maternal mortality especially in the developing countries. There are considerate record of disproportionate gap of maternal mortality between the developed and the development world which could be attributed to biological, economical and psycho-social factors. This study seeks to examine the trend of maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in Nigeria healthcare sector. The data used for the study was obtained from the World Bank data repository and the time series technique was used for modeling. The Ljung –Box ARIMA (0,1,0) time series model was then used to predict the MMR for the year 2016 through 2019.It was forecasted that there is a continuous decline in the country MMR.

Groin hernia repair is one of the most frequently performed general surgical operations. This study aimed to evaluate the outcome of the current practice of an open inguinal hernia mesh repair in a community general hospital. A total of 23 patients underwent open tension-free inguinal hernia mesh repair (January 2018 to December 2018). Their mean age was 43±21.5 years (Range, 16 to 85 years). Mean duration of symptoms was 8.08±4.3 weeks (range, 4 to 28 weeks). It was in the right side in 56.5％ and indirect in 78.3％. Mean hospital stay was 1.1±0.3 days, this was not affected by age and the duration of hernia as p value was 0.11 and 0.6 respectively. The analgesics use was ranging between 3 to 5 days (mean 3.3±0.7 days). Two patients (8.7％) has experienced pain that disappeared in less than month, and only 1 patient (4.3％) experienced pain that continued for more than month. Presence of chronic pain was not affected by age and the duration of the hernia as p value was 0.38 and 0.98 respectively. Good satisfaction was achieved in 91.3％ and it was not affected by age and the duration of hernia as p value was 0.4 and 0.85 respectively. In conclusion, low recurrence rates, and a low percentage of persistent pain suggest that open repair with standardized mesh for hernia repair remains a good option for group of patients seeking health in a community hospital.

With the accelerated pace of peoples lives and work, the workload of the office workers is getting bigger and bigger, the time spent in the office is getting longer and longer, and the physical and mental health problems of the office workers are becoming more and more prominent. This topic investigates and studies the common problems and pain points of office workers, as well as tries to improve existing products through interaction design, and strive to improve the health risks of office workers and provide valuable reference and basis for the majority of office supplies designers.

Livestock’s health is crucial for countries’ economy as it serves as an important source of food. However, recent and old human history has witnessed many threats that impacted animal life with devastating consequences on human communities that depend on it. One of the most important causative agents for animal outbreaks is food-and-mouth disease (FMD) which is currently affecting many developing countries. Extensive records and database have been developed by many national and international organizations for this viral infection, In the present study an already established dataset will be analyzed using a unique perspective of applying statistical process control (SPC) tools that are commonly used in industry in monitoring, control and quantitative assessment of FMD outbreaks in selected countries in El Maghreb El Arabi with the aid of statistical software platforms. Two types of control charts (rare event and Laney attribute charts) were used in the outbreak analysis to show events-behavior and trend. Pareto, Pie, 3D diagrams and statistical analysis were used for data interpretation. Most of the outbreaks were started from Tunisia and spread to the upper coastal region in Algeria then propagated at a lower frequency to the south till altitude 31.87°N followed by Morocco adjacent to Casablanca. Most of cases were started, amplified and disseminated from the east of imaginary line 0.00°. Most of FMD incidences occurred in Algeria with late fewer incidents in Morocco with very limited geographical distribution. All cases of FMD were of serotype O diagnosed mostly by World Organization of Animal Health (OIE) with delay time between observation and report of events ranges from 3 to 123 days. Control charts showed intermittent significant excursions in assessed outbreak parameters, either in magnitude or time interval between events. Accordingly, incidents of outbreaks could be simply assessed quantitatively in timely manner using SPC tools.

Urinary schistosomiasis in concomitant bacteriuria is a problem in many African countries. Antibiotic susceptibility and multiple antibiotic resistances (MAR) index are important in drug selection. A total of 170 school children in Zaria were involved in the study. Urine sample (10mls) was collected from each participant and a questionnaire was administered. The samples were cultured on MacConkey agar plates. Pure cultures were subjected to Gram staining, biochemical characterization and antibiotic susceptibility testing. For detection of Schistosoma haematobium, the urine samples were centrifuged at 3000 revolutions per minute for 5 minutes. The sediments were examined as wet mounts with drops of Lugol’s iodine using 10x and 40x objectives of the light microscope. Results were subjected to Chi Square and Odd Ratio analyses on IBM SPSS version 21. Overall prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis was 22(12.9％), while Klebsiella pneumoniae was 16(9.4％). Co-infections of the two organisms were 4(2.4％). Male children were significantly more infected with Schistosoma haematobium (19.6％, p=0.003, OR =5.684) than the females 3(4.1％). Also the male children had more infections with Klebsiella pneumoniae than the females, and all co-infections were found among the males. Children in secondary schools and those between 22-24 years of age had more infections with Schistosoma haematobium and Klebsiella pneumoniae than those in primary schools and of age 5-6 years. Identified risk factors for urinary schistosomiasis in this study were swimming in river/streams, washing in dams, use of stream as main source of water and fishing. Those with co-infections were more at risk of developing abdominal pain (P=0.004, OR=13.6). Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae were susceptible to: Oflaxacin (87.5％), Gentamicin (68.75％), Ciprofloxacin (62.5％), Streptomycin (62.5％), and Septrin (56.25％); and resistant to Nalidixic acid 8(50％), Ampicillin (43.75％) and Cephalexin (37.5％). The four isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae in concomitant urinary schistosomiasis had very high MAR indices of 0.7, 0.9, 1.0 and 1.0 respectively.

In conventional surgeries, protection of surgeon and his team from infection, due to patient blood exposure, is a significant issue. Using gloves is a common barrier technique which prevents patient bacteria or viruses permeating the surgeons hand. However, using sharp surgical tools led to gloves perforation which stimulates surgeons to wear double gloves to offer extra protection. Nevertheless, many clinicians are reluctant for donning double gloves as it may affect tactile sensation and manipulation skills. One objective of this study is to compare between single and double gloves friction with a surgical scalpel, where static friction can affect the gripping and manipulating process. Tests were carried out using single and double latex gloves sliding over four scalpel surface topologies and in different contact conditions (dry, wet, blood and blood diluted by water). Donning double gloves was found to raise the static friction coefficient in all conditions. Experiments using water and blood-wet conditions indicated that water would increase the friction higher than that observed in the dry condition as it increases the electrostatic charge between surfaces and consequently the adhesion between them. Blood increases the friction over dry and wet conditions because of coagulation which forms a blood clot that withstands the finger movement. Serrated surface gave the highest friction coefficient which makes it efficient for gripping and manipulating.

Community Child Health (CCH) is the branch of Paediatrics that specialises in childhood Neurodevelopmental and Emotional problems (NDEP), such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), developmental delays and common emotional issues. A retrospective review of all patients seen in the local outpatient clinics between June 2016 and May 2017 within an NHS Fife region was carried out. No identifiable patient record was used and no research ethical approval was required. A total of 543 patients were seen in 908 clinic sessions, aged between two months and 18 years 6 months (average of 104 months) and 74％ males. The largest age group (47％) was school-aged (5-9 years) children while young people (16–19 years) constituted 6％ of the clinical caseload. The largest cases (46％) were seen in summer, but new referrals peaked during winter/spring (66％). The greatest proportion of patients (78％) lived in the most deprived 60％ (Quintiles 1 to 3) of the community. The commonest NDEPs were difficulties with behaviour (45％), sleep (30％), social communications (27％), coordination (24.5％), sensory processing (22％), LD (19％), ADHD (17％), and speech/language delay (17％). Over 25 other multi-agency professionals were involved, including the OT (33％), SALT (26％), Health Visitors (18％), CAMHS (17％), Educational (16％) and Clinical Psychologists (15％). This study highlights the significant public health importance of childhood Neurodevelopmental disorders requiring high levels of integrated multi-professional involvement. It has implications for CCH training curriculum. The high risk of future mental health problems in adulthood demands a corresponding long-term follow-up and surveillance of children with NDEPs.

Water treatment and distribution systems are highly dynamic and versatile in terms of microbial populations. Rigorous control, maintenance and monitoring schemes should be followed to ensure delivery of water with high microbiological standards of safety from the feed sources to the final consumption points. Otherwise, consequences will be devastating to human health and possibly life itself. The current study aimed to investigate the microbiological quality in healthcare facility in urban districts region in African country using standard pharmacopeia microbiological techniques. A random samples of water from different points from feed chlorinated municipal water, water treatment plants, point-of-use and final purified water in a product with a total number of samples reaching 105 bottles of water. Isolation of microorganisms was performed using Nutrient Agar (NA), MacConkey Agar (MAC), Tryptic Soya Agar (TSA) and Muller Hinton Agar (MHA). Microbial identification of the isolates was performed biochemically. Microorganisms from seven samples were not recovered from recovery media. Two isolates from 27 specimens could not be identified using biochemical techniques and require identification using molecular methods. Eight of the final consumable products showed signs of microbial contamination with one of them could not be identified biochemically. One of the products was contaminated with two different bacteria: Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus vitulinus. Three more samples were contaminated with E. coli while S. aureus was found in one sample. Two samples were found contaminated with Pentoea spp. water stations were found to be contaminated with E. coli and S. lentus in tanks. While the reverse osmosis (RO) units were found to be contaminated with Pseudomonas luteola, Enterococcus columbae, Streptococcus uberis, E. coli and S. lentus. Water from municipal sources showed the presence of Pseudomonas luteola, Serratia ficaria, Pentoea spp, E. coli, S. aureus and S. vitulinus. The study indicated that water system control and monitoring require crucial improvements.

It is well known that water has a positive impact on humans. Benefits are numerous. Player changes the resistance of the natural environment, and change is welcomed. The mitigation of gravity by flotation places less stress on the joints when stretching, and can allow a greater range of motion. Water volleyball is fine-tuned competitive middle-court oriented water game. It has emerged from recreational pool activities, sports, aquatic clubs, water parks, through the practice of unification of the beach and water tournaments.

The present study is an attempt to explore an empirical investigation on the search for psychological problems among the students in Bangladesh. The sample was composed of 300 respondents. A 2× 2×2 factorial design involving 2 levels of gender (male vs. female), 2 levels of residence (urban vs. rural) and 2 levels of students category (science vs. humanities) were used. It was to study the psychological problems of 17 to 18 years old students. Four psychological problems such as anxiety, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder and eating disorder were found. These four problems are related with mentioned six categories at P<0.01 level and ANOVA were significant at P<0.05 level. It was found that students of humanities group were more vulnerable with these problems as compared to the students of science group. The findings of the present study were interpreted in the light of existing literature. It was concluded that these psychological problems could be addressed through proper counseling. Moreover, special emphasis on food and nutrition and yoga could bring the solution to these problems.

The World Health Organization reads that the organism status only for 5％ depends on services of health care, for 10％ of the environment, for 10％ of heredity, for 5％ of a supply and for 70％ of a way of life. The healthy status of people reaches and supports by a healthy lifestyle. The healthy status is reached by setup of vital systems and integral normal functioning of an organism. The scientist and doctor Avicenna was convinced: The person, moderately both timely engaged in physical exercises and realizing natural measures of normalization of vital systems, does not need treatment. The person reaches and supports a healthy status in the environmentally friendly natural and spiritual social environment by the healthy lifestyle including preventive health the supporting spiritual and solid cleanings up and also physical exercises of normalization, first, physiological rhythms gymnastics, secondly, of a power system charging, thirdly, of a tone of muscles of an organism physical culture. For this purpose it is necessary to create health the preserving health care system on the basis of a healthy lifestyle [1-15]. Natural measures of normalization of vital systems of the person are briefly covered in article.

Topology is in a certain sense secondary if interpreted as a repercussion of internal status, that is as a dynamic and static consequence, especially, secondary to the other two types of surficial sciences: surficial osal anatomy and surficial muscular anatomy. The way the osal anatomy forms the muscular anatomy, both previous anatomies, form the third anatomy, the outer surficial anatomy of the body. Topology dynamics is complex and multilayered, as it involves the at least two internal dynamics mentioned here, as well as their interaction. The paper deals with the systematic problems of surface anatomy, first of all, in relation to a certain number of external surficial phenomena, focusing boldly on folds, metacarpal, substernal and rectusal shallow systems.

Biotinidase deficiency (BTD) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by neurodevelopmental and cutaneous disorders. Individuals with a biotinidase deficiency have either homozygous or compound heterozygous variants of biotinidase (BT) enzyme. We aimed to analyze the pattern and outcome of investigations for BTD among for children and young people in a Scottish NHS Board. We retrospectively analysed the clinical and laboratory data of all children within the Fife area who were screened for BTD between July 2014 and July 2016. BTA levels ranged between 2.7 and 14.1 nmol/min/mL from a total of 191 patients. 262 tests were requested for 243 children aged between 1 month and 17 years-6 months (Mean 70 months). 75 of the samples (29％) were ordered to be repeated. 59 samples from 53 patients (22％) could not be analysed for reasons including “insufficient sample” (34), “unsuitable bottle” (10), “missed in error” (7), and “samples leaked in transit” (3). The commonest indications for the BTD screening were developmental delay (63％) and social communication concerns (49％). The commonest professionals requesting the tests were the either the consultant or specialist Community Paediatricians (93％). None of the 191 patients analysed had BTD. However a substantial proportion of the patients (22％) could not be analysed due to various problems with their blood samples. It is therefore difficult to determine precisely the prevalence of BT deficiency in this small cohort of children and adolescents. A larger prospective study is required to verify the true prevalence of BTD in the population.