The move towards a de-carbonised world, driven partly by climate science and partly by the business opportunities it offers, will need the promotion of environmentally friendly alternatives, if an acceptable stabilisation level of atmospheric carbon dioxide is to be achieved. The use of natural resources that have not any air pollution or greenhouse gases and provides comfortable coexistence of human, livestock, and plants. The greenhouses require air conditioning process to control their temperature and relative humidity to suit specific plants. To achieve this goal, a novel air humidifier and/or dehumidifier systems using mop fans had been designed and employed in an experimental greenhouse to evaluate its performance under a controlled environment. The mop fans help to reduce the energy consumption of the greenhouse whilst providing a pleasant environment for the plants inside the greenhouse. The system was designed taking into account the meteorological conditions, which affect the environment inside the greenhouse. The performance of the system was monitored over a period of time by measuring the temperature and relative humidity of the greenhouse. Results of the monitoring have shown that the system was able to provide comfortable conditions (temperatures of 16-26oC and relative humidity of 65％) suitable for the plants grown in the experimental greenhouse. This device enables to minimise the temperature variation and, hence, avoided the hazard of any sudden climatic change inside the greenhouse.

A method of theoretical computational determination of hydraulic resistance and heat transfer for round pipes with rough walls based on multilayer models of a turbulent boundary layer is developed, which differs significantly from existing theories by taking into account the proportion of the volume of depressions in the sublayer and the ratio of rough and smooth channel surfaces. Method. The calculation was carried out on the basis of a theoretical method based on a three-layer modified mathematical model of a turbulent boundary layer, which was complicated by taking into account the ratio of smooth and rough surfaces of the pipe surface, as well as the introduction of the volume coefficient of depressions, reflecting the proportion of the volume of depressions in the sublayer. Result. The results of calculating the integrated heat transfer for round rough pipes for an extended range of determining parameters that correspond well to the existing experiment are obtained. The maximum differences between the calculated data obtained by this method and the calculated data obtained by the method typical for pipes with turbulators Nu (10) / Nu [16-24], with Reynolds numbers greater than the critical Re, characteristic of developed roughness modes , are quite noticeable and are: h / R0 = 0.016: -17.1％; h / R0 = 0.020: -14.4％; h / R0 = 0.027: -12.3％; h / R0 = 0.028: -13.4％; h / R0 = 0.033: -13.0％; h / R0 = 0.037: -15.4％; h / R0 = 0.042: -12.3％; h / R0 = 0.043: -12.0％; h / R0 = 0.046: -11.3％; h / R0 = 0.048: -10.8％; h / R0 = 0.053: -10.8％; h / R0 = 0.066: -7.2％; h / R0 = 0.073: -10.0％; h / R0 = 0.078: -5.7％; h / R0 = 0.107: -4.9％; h / R0 = 0.160: –11.7％.

Climate change is threatening the world, including the sports industry. Sports industry, although not the big emitter of greenhouse gas, could play a critical role in climate change mitigation because it could unite people and form a consensus. The low emission from the sports industry makes it possible to hold carbon neutral sports events. However, these carbon neutral events are usually limited to those mega international ones with sufficient budgets. In this paper, through real-world data of a stadium with moderate solar resources, we pointed out that even a local medium-scale stadium could achieve net zero-emission operation through solar PV retrofits. The carbon cap and trade market in China provides an additional revenue stream, making the financial status of the project more reliable under the changes in cost and electricity price. The carbon credit revenue also extends such feasibility to a wider range of stadiums spreading across China.

The energy markets have been changing. Along the last years around the world, the different problems faced are embraced as an economic issue and intended to be solved as costs to be reflected in the tariffs. However, drawing the grid expansion based on this approach could not be the best way when one realizes that IoT and Demand side management are only reactive. Taking advantage of both, it is possible to lower investments in grid reinforcements that have a low share of installed capacity during most of the periods. This paper presents the alternative of defining stability islands of energy, enhanced by IoT and empowering the role of consumers. Consumers are informed of energy selling and buying prices, based on adjusted energy forecasts, to install or reinforce own renewable energy systems or energy storage devices. These islands are interconnected to increase flexibility but taken as last resource to reduce transmission losses.

The large amounts of agricultural wastes worldwide and the reduction of natural resources used in the construction sector, point to the importance of recovering and recycling of these wastes for the production of building materials and reduction of energy consumption in buildings. Current study aimed at investigating the valorization of agricultural and forest residues abundantly found in South European countries, by incorporating them into bricks and improving their properties. Specifically, peach kernels, pine needles, wild artichoke stems, peanut shells, olive kernels and olive pruning were collected from various agricultural associations in Greece and characterized by proximate and ultimate analyses, calorific value, as well as mineralogical and chemical analyses of mineral matter. Porous bricks with biomass addition 2.5％, 8％ and 13％ wt in clay were constructed, in order to achieve an optimum composition of bricks with co-utilization of biomass. The generated bricks were analyzed for bulk density, porosity, water absorption, mass loss after firing and maximum strength at three-point bending of the bricks. The results showed that incorporating agro-industrial wastes in refractory materials could be an alternative to the waste management problem. The bricks produced were porous, light and quite durable. The proposed method is promising for the recycling of wastes, conservation of natural resources and energy, providing an environmentally and human-friendly technology of low cost.

In order to solve the common problem of mud pollution in the current geological drilling, according to the technology characteristics and market demand, combined with the future development direction, a geological drilling mud non-falling system is designed and studied. The whole system adopts a modular design and is divided into four units: wellhead return slurry collection, natural sedimentation module, automatic mechanical sand removal, storage and slurry mixing. After the project application practice, the utility model has the advantages of convenient installation and disassembly, easy relocation, safety and reliability, can basically meet the use demand, and has strong adaptability.

The galactic dynamics, the CMB anisotropies and the gravitational lensing do not agree with the observations. Either an additional component of mysterious unseen nonbaryonic matter (Dark Matter) is needed -to bridge the gap between theory and observations- or, the theory of gravity should be modified. We prove the spacetime is hyperbolic. The problems with dark matter — or rather, the cases where cold, collisionless dark matter makes predictions that conflict with observations — almost exclusively occur on small cosmic scales: scales of large individual galaxies and smaller. It’s true: certain modifications to gravity can better match the observations on these scales. All the experiments performed to detect Dark Matter were failed. The large structure spacetime is no longer flat. Hence the laws valid at flat space (e.g. Virial theorem) fail to be valid at non-Euclidean spacetime. Gravity introduces nothing locally. All the effects of gravity are felt over extended regions of spacetime. Gravity is geometry. The first natural step is to modify the underlie geometry itself. We modify the equation of motion in the updated hyperbolic geometry that fits the data and predicts the observed flat rotation curve without invoking Dark Matter. The lensing could be interpreted as a curved spacetime. The missing mass required to account for the observed lens is the same as the missing mass required to account for the observed flat rotation curve. We show that our hyperbolic equation of motion predicts the kinematics of the UDGs and traces their speed rotation curves. The hyperbolic spacetime curvature –not Dark Matter- accounts for such a missing mass. CMB physics –and consequently its presumed Dark Matter as an initial condition- is in trouble after the tension in the value of Hubble constant. Thus, the hyperbolic structure of the spacetime, not dark matter, accounts for the current anomalies in the observations.

The water management organization, under the leadership of PC “Strezevo”, provides water for irrigation and process water for industrial enterprises, using water from reservoir Lake Strezevo. Water from the reservoir is distributed to consumers through energy use. Two small hydro power plants are installed, one SHPP Strezevo with three identical turbine units installed and second SHPP Exploitation Minimum, with one turbine. The technical parameters of the turbine units are different. In exploitation, all four turbine units are connected to one water supply system. This water supply system is characterized by the specificity that it should always deliver the required discharge to consumers, while managing the turbine units to provide maximum energy efficiency at the flow required, depending on the water level in the reservoir. The required operating conditions of the turbine units deviate from the standard turbine control procedure, which makes the optimization method specific. The optimization model for determining the parameters of exploitation of turbine units takes into account: water level in the accumulation, technical performance of individual turbine units (represented by the hill diagram), limitation of the minimum flow of turbine operation, limitation of turbine opening (openness of the wicket gate), as well as the limitation due to installed power. The optimization criterion is to provide the maximum opportunity for individual or joint operation of turbine units. The output part of the optimization is the setting of the operating mode for each turbine unit. For the time being, correlation calibration settings of the model have been made the base of exploitation period, and the next exploitation period for proving the model is yet to come.

Industry 4.0 brings together disruptive technologies and methods such as Big Data, Advanced Analytics, Cloud Computing and Internet of Things IoT and means connecting devices, machines and equipment to the internet, interacting with each other and transforming static objects into dynamic elements of an integrated network. The basic foundation of Industry 4.0 in the electrical sector is that through the interconnection of machines, production systems and equipment, companies will have the ability to create intelligent networks along the entire value chain, and thus control and command the production processes independently. The Decision Support System (DSS) described in the present paper simulates an electric system regarding the technical, environmental, social and economical aspects. The DSS is based on a conceptual model that could be adapted for most Countries. The DSS helps to understand the effect of consumer practices, production technology and Government measures on the electricity sector. Computer-based systems are useful to deal with great amount of information. Also, computer-based systems are adequate to organize disperse information. The author developed a DSS based on informatics technologies and applied to showcases and scenarios that can be used for better decision-making.

The PAMELA effect has been a mystery to astrophysicists for 10 years. In connection with the discovery at CERN at the Large Hadron Collider of the effect of the dependence of the interaction constants and the mass of elementary particles on the energy at which measurements were made, it became possible to solve this riddle.

Proton exchange membranes fuel cells (PEMFCs) are a type of fuel cells applied with perfluorinated membranes, operating the design temperature of 80 ℃, due to its low-temperature limitation and CO tolerance to fuel impurities, and high cost of Nafion® membrane, which made impeding the development of low-temperature commercialization. Nowadays many different types of membranes are studied for high temperature PEMFCs, especially in Polybenzimidazole (PBI) membrane. The development of PBI based membrane has been in progress for the last few decades, and as a good alternate membrane for high temperature fuel cell, operating at higher working temperatures (120~200 ℃) and retaining membrane’s physical properties and thermal stability, and high proton conductivity. However, both high temperature PEMs have faced considerable challenges for researchers, under high temperature conditions, degradation rate of proton exchange membranes, remaining high conductivity and mechanical stability. Moreover, the integration of plasticiser additives and filler additives, acid doping level will affect the advantages of PBI based membrane. The current research suggests that the application or integration such as additives and composite has proven potential to modify the properties of PBI membranes. The progress in the development of new composite materials was introduced on the basis of PBI membranes. More attention should pay to the promising and newly developed polymeric materials for high temperature PEMFCs.

The article presents (on December 9, 2019) the prediction of the thermohydrogravidynamic theory concerning the evaluated probabilities of the forthcoming intensification of the global seismotectonic, volcanic and climatic processes of the Earth during the evaluated beginning (from December 7, 2019 to April 18, 2020) of the established (in 2012 AD) and finally confirmed (in 2019 AD) “first forthcoming subrange 2020 ÷ 2026 AD of the increased intensification of the Earth” determined by the combined non-stationary cosmic energy gravitational influences on the Earth of the planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars and Jupiter) and the Sun (owing to the gravitational interaction of the Sun with Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune).

The production of electricity at run-of-river small hydropower plants (SHPPs) is directly dependent on the available inflow of water into the resource. Leading attention in the design of this type of SHPP should be given to the use of water potential. By entering the technical conditions of the equipment for conveying and transformation of the available water energy into electricity, as well as the conditions for ensuring non-disturbance of the environment, the use of the natural energy potential of the water source is reduced. The selection of the installed discharge at run-of river SHPP has an influence on energy production, on one hand, and through the economy indexes to make-design for investment, on the other hand. In this paper, the influence of the installed discharge on energetic and economy indexes for design run of river SHPP are presented. The calculation model which was developed contains two blocks: energetic and economic. The results of the calculation are obtained for different installed discharge. The influence of the installed discharge to the energetic and economy parameters was presented graphically. The analyses are done on the basis of involved criteria of both energetic and economy parameters. Conclusions are drawn based on 13 case studies which can help for make-design for investment.

In this paper, we obtained exact analytical solutions for the non-stationary linear inverse heat conduction problem for bodies of one-dimensional geometry with boundary conditions on one surface, as well as on two surfaces for a plane body, a hollow cylinder, and a hollow sphere, obtained in a closed recurrent form. The recurrent form of the solution of the non-stationary linear inverse heat conduction problem for bodies of one-dimensional geometry with boundary conditions on one surface, as well as on two surfaces for a plane body, hollow cylinders and spheres, presented in the article is a solution in a closed form from a single position, which is not always perhaps explicitly.

This work reports successful deposition of Zinc Selenide thin films on microscopic glass substrates of dimension (25.4 mm x 76.2 mm x 1.2 mm) using solution growth method in alkaline medium in the presence of EDTA as complexing agent. The bath composed of molar solution of zinc acetate (Zn(CH3CO2)2·2H2O) as source of Zn2+ ion, freshly refluxed sodium selenosulphate as source of Se2+ ion and ammonium hydroxide as pH adjuster. Five samples of ZnSe thin films were fabricated at room temperature (300 K). The four of the deposited samples were heat – treated in an electric oven at temperatures of 373 K, 473 K, 573 K and 673 K respectively. Film thickness obtained by gravimetric method ranged from 435.15 nm to 744.05 nm. Film thickness was found to increase as annealing temperature increases. Optical properties measured with Spectrophotometer showed that the absorbance is high within UV region but decreases as wavelength increases. Transmittance of the films are found to be low within UV region but increases as wavelength increase. Reflectance of the films is low which suggest the usefulness of the deposited film in antireflective coating. Absorbance was found to increase as temperature increases while transmittance to decreases as temperature increases. The energy band gap result obtained ranged between 2.42 eV – 2.94 eV. We observed that the energy band gap decrease as annealing temperature increase. Refractive index ranged between 1.14 and 2.60. The optical results obtained show that ZnSe thin films could be used for solar energy application and optoelectronics devices. Average crystallite sizes obtained using Scherrer’s formula are between 7.44 nm and 8.05 nm.

In this work, we have demonstrated successfully the deposition of cobalt doped zinc oxide thin films by chemical method. Deposition of nanostructured rod – like films was achieved using zinc acetate and cobalt acetylacetone as cationic precursors. EDTA was used as complexing agent while ammonium solution was employed to stabilize the pH of the reaction bath. The deposited films were characterized to determine their thickness, optical, structural, morphology, composition and electrical properties using stylus profiler (Veeco, Dektak 150), spectrometer (Filmetrics F10 – RT), Bruker AXS (Germany, X – ray diffractometer), scanning electron microscope (Auriga HRSEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscope (EDS) and ECOPIA Hall effect measurement system (HMS - 300) respectively. Results obtained showed that properties of the deposited thin films were affected by deposition time. Absorbance, transmittance and extinction coefficient values varied with deposition time. Energy band gap and film thickness were also affected by deposition time. Film formed after 36 hours was thicker than film deposited after 12 hours. Structural properties of the film confirmed the presence of Zinc oxide with wurtzite structure and grain sizes between the range of 14.90 nm and 21.50 nm. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the film composed of nanorods of slightly different sizes. Composition analysis of the film confirmed the presence of cobalt, zinc and oxygen.

Electricity consumption in Kenya has averaged 4.6％ from 2008/09 to 2017/18 against Government projection of 13.5％. The supply of electricity has been pegged on official demand projections resulting in excess supply. In a regulated electricity market such as Kenya, the wide mismatch between demand and supply raises the unit cost of power. In the power industry, the amount of power to be produced and the price per unit are determined before generation commences as spelt out in power purchase agreements between producers and Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC), the power buyer. KPLC pays for any excess power produced whether it sells it or not, and this eventually raises the unit cost of power. There is need for a more realistic forecast of electricity demand so that supply can be planned accordingly. This study estimated electricity demand in Kenya between 1985 and 2016 and made projections to 2035 using ARDL model and time series data. The projections showed that the demand would grow annually at an average rate of 5.7％. This indicated the need to re-evaluate the official projection and production plans so as to avoid overinvestment and overproduction. Matching electricity supply and demand would eventually bring down consumer tariffs.

The innovative design and topology for active power filters (APF) using an 27-level converter is analyzed. Each phase of the converter is composed of three three-state converters, all of them connected to the same capacitor dc link voltage and their output connected in series through output transformers. The power quality is improved by using active power filter. The different power quality problems in distribution systems and their solutions with power electronics based equipment. This power quality problem exists if any voltage, current or frequency deviation results in a failure or in a bad operation of customer’s equipment. A multi-stage inverter using three-state converter is being analyzed for active filter and static VAR compensator applications. A 1F Ultra-capacitor is used in the DC link, making it possible to obtain a very stable voltage at the DC bus, even with highly contaminated currents. This high capacity also makes it possible to continue feeding the contaminating load during a Voltage Dip. Simulation results for this application are based on PIC16F877A assembly language.

One question, uppermost in combustion study is whether soot samples emit toxic particulates and could contribute to air pollution, occupational and domestic hazard on exposure of the populace. In this study, we document experimental report on the protocols and levels of pollutants emitted from soot into the near atmosphere. Characterization of soot was carried out using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) Spectroscopy. The pH of soot samples is near the neutral range (6.60-6.85). Samples are majorly covalent as revealed by the zero conductivity values. The moisture contents of KLS (10.0％) is almost twice, as was reported for KSS and are typical to explain the tendency of the soot dusts to form aerosols in near atmosphere. Poor or low values of bulk densities (0.058-0.060 g/cm3) is an indication that the soot can be easily spread by air current to the environment. Levels of impure carbon revealed by EDS analysis clearly pointed at the organic pollutants loading potentials of the soot. Other findings include FTIR characteristics signals indicating aromatics, XRF analysis showing high concentration of Chromium and other toxic metals. Overall, impure carbon from kerosene based soot could contribute to local emissions, mostly produced by the sources with low emission height. Secondly, the levels of toxic metal in soot samples exceed the permissible legislative limit for air samples.

With power demand in the world escalating day by day, interconnected power system networks are becoming progressively complex. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor and control operation of the system more accurately for smooth operation of the system. The classical state estimation of power system is based upon measurements collected from Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System (SCADA), which is inadequate to measure fast and dynamic phenomenon. Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) provides real time and synchronized phasor measurements with the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) with greater accuracy. However, placement of PMU at each and every node of the system is economically and technically not viable. Hence, PMUs are optimally placed in the network using Recursive Security N (RSN) algorithm, ensuring systems full observability. RSN is utilized here to optimally place PMUs in Integrated Nepal Power System (INPS), which generates multiple sets of optimal solution. Further, calculation of System Observability Redundancy Index (SORI) and Bus Observability Index (BOI) is done. The solution set that has maximum value of SORI indicates that the PMU based system is most reliable. These steps are also applied to IEEE 14-bus, 30-bus and 57-bus test systems to ensure validity of the method. The optimum number of PMUs required for system’s full observability for INPS, IEEE 14-bus, 30-bus and 57-bus system was found to be 21, 3, 7 and 12 respectively.

Known problem of “abnormal” fast transfer of electrons in tokamak plasma, what violates desired condition for controlled thermonuclear fusion, is explained taking into account real physics of electron transfer (drift) in gas substance. An explanation of this problem is simple: drift velocity of elastically scattered electrons in gas is significantly greater than the result of usually accepted calculation. According to conservation law for momentum of electron transfer (drift), the value of drift velocity is proportional to momentum relaxation time, which is unknown a priori. Therefore it became accepted to replace this time by electron free path time, which may be calculated and is wrongly considered as momentum relaxation time for elastically scattered electrons. However, developed theory, first based on real physics of electron drift in gas matter, gives that relaxation time is greater (from 16 to 4 times) than the electron free path time. Such wrong replacement leads to significant underestimation (16 times for thermal electrons) of calculated electron drift velocity (mobility). Obtained result is consequence of very small electron mass relative to that of gas particles and means that transfer of electrons in gas at elastic (and isotropic) scattering should be really so fast. This paper also shows that developed statistically correct theory reveals early unknown two important properties of electron transfer (drift) and heating in atomic gas under electric field force. Thus, to describe entirely the drift of electrons in gas matter, where they are scattered and so don’t move freely, it is necessary use not only the mass of free electron, but also the effective mass, which is equal nearly to the mass of gas particle. The use of effective mass concept, which is well known for solid state physics but never used for the gas phase, first reveals true relation of electron drift velocity with electron velocity distribution function and indicates significant anisotropy of this function for hot electrons, which are heated by transfer in strong fields.

The article attempts to summarize the experience of predecessors and, on the basis of new discoveries of the 21st century in the field of the cosmology of the Universe (dark matter and dark energy), propose a five-dimensional continuum containing three spatial coordinates and two times coordinates. Moreover, in layered space, time is presented in a complex form that includes two components: imaginary cyclic time and real cosmological time (arrow of time). The author concludes that the gravity field defines the spherical, continuous geometry of space, and the inertia field determines the linear and discrete geometry of time. In the end of the laws of the universe, consisting of 95％ of dark matter and dark energy determines the geometry of space-time.

Based on the experimental discoveries made at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and not explained in the Standard Model, the article concludes that the polarization of quantum vacuum (dark matter) under the influence of ultrarelativistic protons and superpower magnetic and electric fields distorts spatial laws in LHC and allows us to state the presence of the third channel of proton interaction in the LHC in addition to their mutual collisions. This conclusion is also confirmed by the discovery of the influence of energy at which measurements are made on the interaction constants and masses of elementary particles. The effect was discovered at the end of 2019 at CERN at the Large Hadron Collider with a 95％ probability and is explained by the polarization of vacuum (dark matter).

This article presents modern models of the nature of gravitational forces at the scale of the Universe, expanded on the basis of recognition of superfluid dark matter as a space medium. The conclusion about the existence of dark matter is based on numerous, consistent with each other, but indirect signs of the behavior of both astrophysical objects and the gravitational effects they create.

This work investigated the environmental impact of ashes produced from combustion of various biomass wastes and one lignite, during experiments in a fluidized bed unit. Continuous leaching experiments were conducted in columns for the soil-ash mixtures. Solid materials were characterized by mineralogical and chemical analyses using X-ray diffraction analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer analysis. The leachates were analyzed for trace element concentrations and pH. According to the results, waste biomass ashes were rich in Cu, Zn, Sr, Mn and Cr, whereas the content of heavy metals in lignite ash was quite small. The bio-solid ash contained an elevated amount of Pb too. Toxic metal ions were released in low quantities through the soil, below the legislative limit values. The low extraction potential of the trace elements from the soil/ash mixtures was owned to the high alkalinity of the leachates, basically the presence of calcium minerals, as well as the mineralogical and chemical composition of the solids involved. The higher mobility of Sr and Cr from all ashes implies their potential association with exchangeables, carbonates, sulphates or organic matter.

The article discusses the prospects of nuclear fusion and provides an overview of devices that can produce clean energy that opens for mankind up the inexhaustible source of conceptual innovations in all fields of activity. These include Randall Millss reactor “SunCell”, Andrey Melnichenkos generator, Paul Bauman’s generator “Testatik Machine M/L Converter”, Andrea Rossi’s reactor E-Cat, that make it possible to ensure an efficiency above 100％ due to  of extracting the latent energy of the  quantum vacuum (dark matter) in new physics of open systems.

Use of secondary fuels for power production, such as animal and agricultural wastes, is becoming important nowadays, in view of the declining reserves of fossil fuels. Fluidized bed furnaces offer many advantages, such as fuel flexibility, high efficiency and low pollutant emissions. However, bottom or fly ashes produced from these appliances may create technical and environmental problems. In this study, agricultural wastes from the island of Crete (S. Europe) were co-fired in a fluid bed unit and bottom and fly ashes were characterized by mineralogical and chemical analyses. The effect of ash materials on system’s performance, as well as their environmental impact and valorization were assessed. The results showed that all ashes were enriched in Ca, Si, Mg, P, K. These elements were principally associated with calcite, anhydrite, quartz, dolomite, hydroxyapatite, fairchildite and arcanite minerals. Animal waste ashes contained whitlockite, calcium sodium phosphate and epsonite. Combustion of animal manure above 1000°C could lead to deposition problems in furnaces. Heavy metals Cu, Zn, Mn and Sr dominated in fly ashes. Toxic elements leached through alkaline soil of phyllitic and quarzitic natures were below legislation limits for land disposal. All ashes could be used for soil amelioration, liming or possibly fertilization.

The article presents a new energy industry, based on the recognition of quantum vacuum, which can accumulate electromagnetic, gravitational and spin energy in certain areas of space (domains), which are volume resonators, and can return the accumulated energy to the baryon world in the form of tornadoes, ball lightning, the radiation of the gigantic power of supernovae and the monstrous gravity of black holes. The successful development of this energy by scientists allowed us to present a number of projects of space engine (without fuel) proposed by both Russian scientists and engineers from other countries.

A control system for uncertain plan without model is designed based on Newtons laws of motion and Kalman filter in the paper. The stability and unbiased estimate of the state observer are proven by Kalman filter theory via suitable setting system parameters. The controller structures and parameters are designed by feedback linearization based on Newtons laws of motion. All parameters in the system are only rated to the desired transient process time of system output without controlled plan model. If the desired transient process time of system output can’t be defined by control engineer, then the process time is set, where is the control period (or sample time period of DCS. Both the simulation example and engineering application example demonstrated the fine control quality and robust performance of the design method in the paper for uncertain systems without model.

Outdoor public lighting (PI) is a major concern on design and manage cities. PI standardization has been of interest not only at national level but also at the European Commission. In the present work a brief review is made on standardization and legislation on PI. There are PI international regulations applied in different countries in the absence of a national standardization. The installation of public lighting requires compliance with EN 13201, which determines the type and intensity of illumination on the road depending on its use (rural or urban). The present paper is a milestone on the standardization and results in Portugal.

The importance of long-term high-resolution electricity demand projection has long been neglected. Given that the reliability of the electric power sector depends on a perfect balance of demand and supply at different time scales, projecting the temporal load shape and peak consumption is of paramount importance for the system’s capacity planning processes. Without projecting long-term (up to mid-century 2050 or longer) electricity demand at a high temporal resolution (at the hourly or sub-hourly level), it is impossible to devise effective strategies for energy transition, including integration of renewable energy, deployment of distributed energy resources and energy storage systems, improvement of end-use energy efficiency, and demand-side management. Climate change and the emergence of electric vehicles, which will drive up fluctuations of electricity demand, will make these strategies even more difficult to devise. The authors propose a roadmap to develop a bottom-up modeling tool that is capable of producing long-term high-resolution demand projections, with the incorporation of demography, building science, engineering, meteorological knowledge, and behavioral science.

The article presents (on February 13, 2018 after the final correction of the article) the confirmed validity of the cosmic energy gravitational genesis of the strongest Japanese (for 2015 and 2016), Italian (for 2016), Greek (for 2017), Chinese (for 2008 and 2017) and Chilean (for 2015 and 2016) earthquakes related with the extreme (maximal and minimal, respectively) combined integral energy gravitational influences (in accordance with the established in 2012 global prediction thermohydrogravidynamic principles of the cosmic seismology) on the internal rigid core of the Earth (and on the Earth as a whole) of the planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars and Jupiter) and the Sun due to the gravitational interactions of the Sun with Jupiter Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. We have shown that the first direct detection of gravitational waves (on September 14, 2015) is located between the calculated date 2015.6833 (corresponding approximately to September 6, 2015 of the maximal (in 2015) combined planetary and solar integral energy gravitational influence on the internal rigid core of the Earth) and the date (September 16, 2015 according to the U.S. Geological Survey) of the strongest (in 2015 according to the U.S. Geological Survey) 8.3-magnitude Chilean earthquake (realized near 10 days after the date 2015.6833).

Although the perspective for nearby objects in the hyperbolic space is very nearly identical to Euclidean space (i.e. the Universe locally is approximately flat consistent with local observations), the apparent angular size of distant objects falls off much more rapidly, in fact exponentially. The Universe globally is hyperbolic as we did prove mathematically. The current observed density of the Universe =1031g/cm3 is consistent with a hyperbolic open universe. The hyperbolic universe consists of zero cosmological constant. The hyperbolic universe doesn`t need Dark Energy to account for the accelerated expansion. The Hyperbolic Universe grows exponentially preserves a legitimate inflation covers the current observed large structure 1.3x1028cm. The equation of state of cosmologyp=-ρ is a property of the hyperbolic structure of the hyperbolic universe. We calculated the Hubble constant due to the Hyperbolic Universe, H=72.34 [(Km/sec)/Mpc].

With the improvement of people’s living standards and the development of economies, heat pumps have become widely used for air conditioning. The driver to this was that environmental problems associated with the use of refrigeration equipment, the ozone layer depletion and global warming are increasingly becoming the main concerns in developed and developing countries alike. With development and enlargement of the cities in cold regions, the conventional heating methods can severely pollute the environment. In order to clean the cities, the governments drew many measures to restrict citizen heating by burning coal and oil and encourage them to use electric or gas-burning heating. New approaches are being studied and solar-assisted reversible absorption heat pump for small power applications using water-ammonia is under development. Therefore, promoting innovative renewable energy applications including the ground source energy may contribute to preservation of the ecosystem by reducing emissions at local and global levels. This will also contribute to the amelioration of environmental conditions by replacing conventional fuels with renewable energies that produce no air pollution or the greenhouse gases (GHGs). An approach is needed to integrate renewable energies in a way to achieve high building performance standards. However, because renewable energy sources are stochastic and geographically diffuse, their ability to match demand is determined by the adoption of one of the following two approaches: the utilisation of a capture area greater than that occupied by the community to be supplied, or the reduction of the community’s energy demands to a level commensurate with the locally available renewable resources. The GSHP applications are one of three categories of geothermal energy resources as defined by ASHRAE and include high-temperature (>150°C) for electric power production, intermediate temperature (<150°C) for direct-use applications and GSHP applications (generally (<32°C). The GSHP applications are distinguished from the others by the fact that they operate at relatively low temperatures.

Albania is among the countries with the highest potential for renewable energy production in Europe. Physical and geographical conditions in Albania offer a very diverse climate and rich in term of renewable energies. For this reason, our country has very favorable conditions for solar energy development, including: a. average solar radiation 4.1kWh/m², b. average sunny hours per year are 2400 hours. Similarly, water resources are among the most important natural resources in Albania. Eight large rivers, fed by hundreds of rivers and small streams flowing through the country from the mountains to the east toward the Adriatic and the Ionian Sea in the west. Albania has an untapped potential of wind power, particularly along the Adriatic coast with defined space with high potential for wind power development where the annual average wind speed ranges from 6m - 8m/s. Few countries in European continent have a weaving of water resources in the same room where the observed sources and solar energy, wind or biomass without skipping and sea, which we really refer to technical indicators, which constitute a potential first stop should seriously and carefully, our country has the opportunity to make radical changes in the development policies so far not only in the energy sector but also in separate directions of social economic development. Material and methods used individually are based on data obtained from the relevant ministry which will serve to show us the way these renewable energy can be applicable not only in the industrial sector but also the family that showing the advantages and difficulties in successfully implementing their implementation. This paper aims to show the opportunities that our country offers in terms of sources of renewable energy that it possesses and the capacity to be free from dependence on the use of fuel by positioning the renewable energy sector as one of the priority sectors.

The article shows the efficiency of the joint application of the equations of nodal voltage and the Lyapunov`s function in quadratic form for the analysis of small oscillations of electrical system. The jointly solution of the equations of nodal voltage and the Lyapunov`s matrix equation makes it possible to determine the conditions for the stability of the electrical system and to reveal a generator that first approaches the stability limit. As will be shown below, studies of small oscillations of complex electrical systems can be carried out in full on the basis of matrix methods, successfully developed in recent decades. This is facilitated by the removal of memory limits and a sharp increase in the speed of computing modern computers.

Any sealing ring shall be able to effectively instantly convert a loading pressure on it into its sealing stress orthogonal to the pressure. For example, any self-sealing ring for opposing faces shall be able to exactly instantly convert a fluid pressure on its cylindrical surface into its sealing stress on its end faces. Firstly, what can effectively instantly performs the conversion is either a rigid wedge or a closed liquid; secondly, a common substance, with a Poissons ratio ranging from 0 to 0.5, has both some solid behavior and some liquid behavior, and the substance whose Poissons ratio value more approaches 0.5 more has full liquid behavior and volumes incompressibility and is abler to effectively instantly finish the conversion; thirdly, Poissons ratio is the substances orthogonal strain ratio of its non-loading direction to its loading direction, and compensable; fourthly, a different substance has a different Poissons ratio lagging behind its stress under a different temperature and a different stress; and hence any cavity for sealing rings, no matter how great their Poissons ratio at room temperature is, shall have such a compensating ability to result in the ring therein having a Poisons deformability of 0.5 ratio on being under pressure as to effectively instantly finish the orthogonal conversion of a loading pressure into a sealing stress.

The paper presents an analysis of the mechanisms of functioning of the new model of the wholesale electricity market new model. According to this, the work of stations based on the use of renewable energy sources (RES), in particular photovoltaic power stations (PPS), should take place on the basis of the announced hourly generating schedule by the owner of the station one day in advance. In order to ensure the accuracy of the predicted schedule, a study was carried out on the determination of meteorological parameters that most affected the generation of electricity at photovoltaic power plants. Results of cluster and regression analysis were conducted on the basis of meteorological data, measured at the station located in the Vinnitsia region.

In the present paper, the computational fluid dynamics for one of the most challenging problems of two-phase flows; namely, the unsteady movements of dam break flow, is introduced. The governing momentum equations are solved numerically using the control volume approach over a regular two-dimensional computational grid. The level set method is applied for predicting the transient movements of the dam break free surface flow with a high accuracy solution procedure. The effects of the geometrical parameters of the initial dam shape and the fluid properties such as density, viscosity and surface tension on the dam front movement and dam topological changes are investigated. The obtained results showed a faster movement of the dam front in the downstream direction by increasing the dam height and the fluid density. However, by increasing the fluid viscosity, a slower motion of the dam front is obtained. Moreover, the variation of the fluid surface tension showed a slight effect on the movement of the dam front.

The main aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the use of piperazine as an additive on the MDEA solutions which is already used to sweeten LPG from H2S & CO2. ASPEN HYSYS is used to simulate this case study. In this article many design criteria (MDEA concentration, piperazine concentration, amine solution flow rate etc) are studied. The composition and operating conditions of pressure and temperature of LPG to be treated is taken from literature (Hanan JQ et al) & slightly modified, in such situation the composition of our LPG Feed can be considered as theoretical, the flow and the other operating parameters of AGRU (Acid Gas Removal Unit) are also optimized.

According to the vision of Saudi Arabia 2030, more attention has been given for the application of renewable energy in addition to the optimization of energy consumption in standing residential and industrial buildings. It is well known that, residential buildings account for more than 60％ of the total electricity consumption in Saudi Arabia due to cooling and heating loads. Most of research carried out aiming to improve building which is designed from the first stage. However, the dominant amount of energy is consumed by the exciting buildings which are built without guide for energy efficiency. The present paper provides different suggestions for standing buildings in hot and dry climate cities in order to be much efficient buildings through minimising their energy consumptions. A typical residential building’s model in the city of Riyadh is simulated numerically to reduce the total energy consumption for heating and cooling loads using different strategies of energy saving. The numerical results are obtained using one of the most powerful energy simulations (TAS EDSL) which is used globally to predict energy efficiency in buildings. In general, the results obtained showed that the size of glazing system is the most important parameter which can be modified in the exciting buildings to become much efficient energy buildings.

The maximal possible energy gain in the case of dual axis and single axis sun tracking is calculated basing on Hottel clear sky radiation model (HM) and extraterrestrial solar radiation model (ESRM). An experimental setup was designed and constructed for theoretical results verification. It was found that, the maximum possible energy gain calculated basing on HM and ESRM are practically identic either with reference to the horizontal surface or with reference to arbitrary tilted surface. The experimental results show that HM and ESRM can be used for calculating the energy gain. For example, on 25 August from 8 O’clock to solar noon, the hourly energy gain values of HM and ESRM are 1.672, 1.336, 1.170, 1.098 and 1.097 while the corresponding measured values on the same day are 1.746, 1.36, 1.16, 1.043 and 1.027. Thus, the theoretical data are consistent with the measured ones. It is proved that, the tilt angle of the single axis tracked surface with reference to the horizon is equal to absolute value of difference between the latitude angle and the declination angle.

The aim of this paper introduces the preliminary results of the design and construction of first Egyptian inertial electrostatic confinement IEC fusion device. It consists of 2.8 cm stainless steel cathode, 6.5 cm anode diameter with 10 cm diameter 30 cm height vacuum chamber. The operation of IEC experiments has concentrated on pulsed operation to achieve the high currents required to generate increased reactions rates. The discharge voltage waveform with peak voltage 20kV and current pulse waveform has been registered using pick-up coil with peak current about 170mA. Experiments are performed with nitrogen as operating gas at different pressures and voltages. Time resolved of x-ray radiation signals are obtained using fast radiation detector.

The fault detection of electric machinery is important necessity for stability of system. The noise signal of rotating machinery is utilized for early fault diagnostic. A measured noise signal is divided down by short time duration parts. Fault carrying frequencies are extracted from digitalized signal. Envelope detector and demodulation were utilized for identifying fault frequencies with their harmonics and sidebands. Automated noise analysis is dedicated to detect and report a machinery abnormal condition. Implementation was conducted with noise signals which were obtained from electric motors, turbine generators and bearing fault motors.