This study aimed to investigate the effects and toxicity of short term exposes of insecticide Cypermethrin on (Oreochromis niloticus) fish tissues (liver and gills), and fish behavior. Oreochromis niloticus fish were obtained from the fish Hatchery of the department of fisheries and wildlife science. (30) Fish of both sexes were used in this experiment. average weight was (50 -100 g.) fish were divided in to five groups and subjected to Cypermethrin insecticide solution in 4 dosages The first group was exposed to 0.0001ppm, the total amount of solution was 3 ml Cypermethrin insecticide / 30 liter water (D) , second group was exposed to 0.0002ppm, by 6 ml / 30 liter water (B), third group was exposed to 0.0003ppm by 9 ml / 30 liter water(E), The fourth group was exposed to 0.0004ppm, by 12ml/ 30 liter water (A) Results of histology indicates several kinds of damages in all studied organs, in liver showed Focal areas of necrosis, dilation and thrombosis formation in central vain and ruptured hepatocytes and vacuolation, pyknosis and hemorrhages, gills shows sloughing of secondary lamellae and proliferation and damage in the epithelium of gill filaments and congestion in blood vessels of gills filaments and atrophy of secondary lamella Many behavioral observation were notice, rapid swimming and lose of balance were observed in different dosages.

This study evaluates quantitative traits of A. marginata under three feed treatments with a view of modeling its body weight from it. Ninety snailets divided into thirty snailets per treatments were used for the study. Data collected include Shell length (SL), Shell width (SW), shell mouth length (SML) and Weight gained. Data obtained were analyzed using correlation, ANOVA, while cubic, quadratic, simple and multiple regressions were used in modeling growth. The results obtained indicate that Treatment C (Tc) had the highest value for all the assessed quantitative parameters in the snails. The mean weight gained of the treatments ranged between 12.55±0.90g (Ta) and 16.01±1.92g (Tc) and was significantly different between the treatments (p<0.05). There was no significantly different (p>0.05) in morphometric trait parameters among the various treatments (shell length (SL) and shell width (SW)) except for shell mouth length which was significantly different (p<0.05). Phenotypic correlation (r) for most of the morphometric traits in all the treatments were strong, positive and highly significant (p<0.01) phenotypic correlation (r) for most of the morphometric traits in all the treatments except some in Treatment B (Tb) which were not significantly (p>0.05) correlated. Across the three treatments, coefficient of determination (R2) for all the models ranged from 0.654 to 0.855 and multiple linear regression (MLR) was considered as the best model as it accurately estimated the actual body weight of A. marginata. The study recommends the formulation of snail feeds using locally available materials that are high in feed nutrient as it will bring about improvement in the quantitative traits of the snails, thereby ensuring its sustainable production.

In this thesis, a new RNA grinding extraction system is designed and provided for the shortcomings of the existing RNA grinding extraction system technology. The designed RNA grinding and extraction system uses mechanical grinding to extract and extract RNA. This method eliminates the manual grinding operation process and simplifies the operation. At the same time, when the liquid nitrogen is passed in, it can avoid the limbs directly contacting the liquid. Nitrogen contact avoids frostbite of hands due to liquid nitrogen, which greatly improves safety, while mechanical grinding adopts rotary grinding, and the grinding parts are pushed by the cylinder, so that the grinding head of the grinding parts abuts the grinding groove, which is driven by the motor. When the grinding part rotates, it can fully contact the grinding tank to ensure the quality and efficiency of grinding.

After the introduction of Bt. cotton in Pakistan, the problem of cotton bollworms was solved in some extent, but the sucking insect pests become the major issue for cotton crop, especially cotton whitefly and jassid. Keeping in view the current problem, the present study was carried out to find the effectiveness of some new chemistry insecticides against whitefly (Pyriproxyfen 10.8 EC, Chlothianidin 20％ EC, Spirotetramate 240 SC, Matrine 5 AS and Flunicamid 50％ WG) and jassid (Dinotefuran 20％ SG, Nitenpyram 10％ AS, Flunicamid 50％ WG, Dimethoate 40 EC and Thiacloprid 480 SC). The study was done in randomized complete block design with three replications during the year 2018 and 2019 at Cotton Research Station, Faisalabad. The result revealed that during the both years of study, Flunicamid 50％WG and Spirotetramate 240 SC gave significantly higher reduction against cotton whitefly as compared with other insecticides. While, in case of cotton jassid, Flunicamid 50％ WG and Dinotefuran 20％ SG proved very effective during both years of study.

To assist in patients with lower-extremity disability, the work is devoted to developing the lower-extremity rehabilitation robot so as to replace the traditional training method, which mainly relies on therapist’s one-by-one rehabilitation therapy. Firstly, the work designs an Exoskeleton Rehabilitation Robot (ERRobot). Because it is a human machine system, many considerations must be integrated. Next, we focus on the model construction of the Human-ERRobot system, in which the work adopts a model-based modeling methods, and some modeling tools such as Creo2.0, Matlab/Simmechanics, etc. Finally, the work designs two simulation experiments to validate constructed Muscle Tendon Complex (MTC) model and Human-ERRobot physical model, respectively. The results illustrate that the developed models are validness, which may lay a good foundation for further controller development.

Industrialization of agrocomplexes and farms, wide application of fertilizers and pesticides allowed increase in the productivity agrocenoses, but worsened their ecological and safety of received production. Transition to intensive technologies in agriculture showed their active influence not only on agrocenoses, but also on the equilibrium of the entire system. Regulation of the balance of humus in the soil and extended its reproduction can be done in two ways: a) an increase in revenues in the soil organic matter (organic fertilizers, afterreap and root resi-dues), b) the reduction of organic matter mineralization using agricultural methods. Perm Krai is located in the Western Predural’e and defined by the coordinates 56°06 -61°39 N and 51°47 -59°03 E. On the Krai territory secreted 6 naturally-farming districts. Earlier, the authors have conducted of agroecological assessment on the humus condition in the soils of the Perm Krai in these districts. The purpose of research is to determine the effectiveness of use of wastes animal husbandry to ensure the sufficient balance of the humus in the soil. Degree of development of territory of the region is different, that is expressed in of agricultural area and stooks cattle. Amount of agricultural lands per 1 head of cattle varies from 4.0 to 8.9 ha, at norm 2 ha. With such development of cattle breeding in the Perm Krai and the use of wastes industry has note very low saturation 1 hectares of agricultural land the organic matter (0.43-1.87 t/ha). Thus, it was found that for increasing saturation 1 hectare of plough land and 1 hectares of agricultural land is necessary to increase the number of animal husbandry, a minimum of 2 times, and increase the use of wastes animal husbandry only cattle will enhance the saturation of one hectare of plough land to 3.0-3.4 t/ha.

The effect of saw dust and straw material compost on the physicochemical properties of Igbariam soil and yield of okra were studied in a field trial at Teaching and research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra State. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four treatments; CO, SDSMC, SMC and SDC replicated four times. Data collected from the study were subjected to an analysis of variance test based on randomized complete block design and treatment means were separated using least significant difference (LSD) at 5 ％ alpha level. The findings from the study showed that okra responded positively to saw dust and straw materials compost in all parameters tested. The compost also recorded different effects in all the parameters measured in the study. The highest number of pods (3.0) and weight of pods (2.28gkg-1) was recorded in SDC and SMC respectively. The composts enriched the soil as was evidence in physicochemical properties results. Among the composts the SDC compost was found to be comparatively richer and better in nutrient contents released to the soil. Therefore it is recommended that for maximum yield of crops in the study area saw dust or straw materials compost could be used as soil amendment for soil fertility improvement, since it influenced the growth and yield of okra. The materials are cheaper and available in large quantity in the study area.

Fingerlings of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were fed four isocaloric diets with different crude protein levels to determine the optimum protein requirement of the species. Eighty of apparently healthy tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fish, of average weight 10 g were divided into four groups, each of 20 fish. Four experimental diets were formulated with four levels of dietary protein 27, 30, 33 and 36％ and constant digestible energy, 3000 kcal/kg diet. Significant differences (P<0.05) were recorded for the growth indices, weight gain and feed conversion and the highest values obtained for the fingerlings fed the 33％ crude protein diet. Crude protein, fat and ash contents of tilapias body were not significantly different among the fish fed the diets containing different protein levels. Protein retention, protein in gain and protein efficiency ratio of the fish fed diet containing 33％ dietary protein were significantly (P<0.05) higher than other groups. It is therefore, concluded that 33％ crude protein is optimal requirement in the diet of fingerlings Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with digestible energy 3000 kcal/kg diet.

The exponentially increasing world population creates the challenge of providing adequate food sources. Specially, protein deficiency poses a problem since essential amino acids cannot be replaced by anything. The threat of rising protein deficiency diseases was becoming a disaster for humans. It is essential to do some efforts to explore alternative and unconventional sources proteins from human beings and animals. Recently, the attention had drawn to exploit microorganisms directly as new source of food and feed in the form of dried cells, terms as Single Cell Protein (SCP). On the other hand, there is a great monster of waste, engulfing the whole world at an over increasing rate. Organic wastes such as vegetable and fruit residues management are also a major threat area of research concern. It is imperative to use these waste cheap substrates for culturing microbes as a source of SCP. Present research focused on attempting, production of SCP/Probiotics by Lactobacillus acidophilus. They were grown in medium containing 5g/l (NH2)2SO4, 1g/l MgSO4.7H2O, 0.5g/l NaCl, 0.1g/l CaCl2 and fruit waste as a carbon source and incubated for 7 days. The fruit wastes of Orange and Pomegranate were used as an additional supplementary element in production medium. An immobilization approach was used to store the biomass produced.

Studies on the bionomics of sandflies (Diptera;Pyscodidae) were conducted in 9 remote communities in Ezinihitte Mbaise, south eastern Nigeria, between June 2013 and May 2014 to estimate the relative abundance, biting rate and spatial variation in the biting densities of sandflies. Sticky traps with lights and human baits were used to collect the sandflies. Sticky trap captures with light were carried out between 7.00 hrs and 21.00hrs once a month for a period of one year while fly catches using human baits were carried out between 07.00hrs and 19.00hrs twice a month for one year. A total of 2,793 flies were captured to estimate the seasonal relative abundance and calculate the biting rates. More flies (2,254) were caught during the rainy season accounting for 79.5％ than during the dry season (974). The lowest peeks of 461 occurred in the dry season between November 2013 and February 2014. Sand flies were relatively absent during the months of December 2013 to February 2014, and a little number were obtained in November and December in 2 sites. There was a significant variation (p < 0.05) in the seasonal punctual and peripheral pattern of distribution. Seven hundred and eighty one biting sand flies were captured by 2 fly collectors from June 2013 to May 2014. A total annual biting rate of 11,877.7 was established. Daily biting cycle showed a peak during the late afternoons and evenings of the rainy season between 13.00hrs and 19.00hrs, the highest monthly biting rate (MBR) of 2,025 was recorded in June 2013. The study has established the existence and biting activities of Sand fly vectors of human leishmaniasis in Ezinihie Mbaise. The public health implications of the existence and biting activity of Sand flies are obvious. Constant global climatic change, may lead to outbreaks of some neglected diseases such as leishmaniasis. A timely intervention by Government and health care providers in the area will be of immense benefits saving the vulnerable population from possible infections and disease outbreak. An improved understanding of sandfly bionomics and ecology should facilitate the implementation of control strategies of sandflies vectors of leishmaniasis.

The experiment was carried out in to find out the Buffalo rearing practices and meat quality. Data were collected from three upazila namely Trisal in Mymensingh, Madargonj in Jamalpur and Pauba in Rajshahi districts of Bangladesh through interview schedule by selecting 15 respondents from these upazila who were involved in buffalo rearing. Data were collected from February to April 2016. The farmers of Pauba fed highest amount roughage (70％) and concentrate (8％) feed to the buffalo than other two regions of Bangladesh as well as give more permanent shelter (5％). But the farmers of Trisal in Mymensingh take more training (17％) on buffalo rearing than other two regions. Comparision of body height, face length, and ear length differs significantly (p<0.01) among the three groups. On the other hand, body length, chest girth, paunch girth, face width, horn length and tail length does not differ significantly among the three groups. CP contents differ significantly (p<0.05) among the three groups. The highest CP content was found in Mymensingh region than other two regions. On the other hand, EE, DM and Ash content does not differ significantly among the three groups. Comparision of pH, drip loss, cooking loss, and color differ significantly. The highest pH and drip loss were found in Jamalpur region than other two regions, but the highest cooking loss was found in Rajshahi region than other two regions. On the other hand, meat color also differs from region to region. TVC, TCC and YMC content of meat do not differ significantly among the three groups. On the basis of proximate analysis and microbial count quality, buffalo meat of Mymensingh region was better than other two regions in Bangladesh.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the quality of raw milk collected from different markets of Bangladesh. Test for quality was carried out at the Dairy Technology and Microbiology Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. For this purpose the samples were collected from Newmarket (T1), Kewatkhali bazar (T2) and Charpara (T3) located in the Mymensingh town, Bangladesh. Parameters used to monitor the quality of milk samples were physical (organoleptic and specific gravity), chemical (％ acidity), fat (g/kg), ash(g/kg), protein (g/kg), lactose (g/kg), TS (g/kg), SNF (g/kg)-and microbiological (TVC and coliform count). From the physical parameter, it appeared that the quality of milk of the three markets was similar in respect of color, taste, and flavor. The chemical composition of Newmarket (T1) was better than the other two sources of milk samples. All the raw milk samples did not fulfill the legal standard of milk composition. Microbiological parameters also showed a higher count in all raw milk samples than the standard. Morning milk was slightly lower than the evening milk in term of chemical composition. However, the specific gravity of morning samples was higher than the evening milk samples.

In this article briefly describes the main areas of research of the Korotkoff sounds accompanying the blood pressure measurement process. It is noted that the existing approaches, unlike the approach of the author do not sufficiently involve the achievements of modern hydrodynamics. This applies in particularly to the study of flows in tubes with elastic walls. A brief overview of the authors works in this area is presented. Based on these results, a model describing the Korotkoff sounds is presented. This model is based on the equation derived from the Navier-Stokes equations by the method of multiscale decompositions. Its solution in the form of a shock wave with a perturbed front is explored. We find the equation for the frequency of the shock wave front vibrations. The stability of a one-dimensional shock wave with respect to small perturbations is also investigated. It is concluded that the blood flow acquires a more complex transverse structure with an increase in the heart rate. This phenomenon will help to understand the turbulence development in the blood flow, for example, with atrial flutter.

Studies were conducted to determine the effects of feeding frequency on growth performance and some bioenergetic parameters on fingerlings of Indian major carps. First experiment was conducted on the fingerlings of Cirrhinus mrigala (Mean body weight 4.30±0.050g) under laboratory conditions. Four feeding frequency groups were set up: feeding once (T1), twice (T2), thrice (T3) and four (T4) times d-1. At the end of 75 days, higher mean body weight (4.4±0.22g), specific growth rate (0.95 ± 0.0g) and nutrient retention (GPR=30.85 ± 1.77 and GER=26.06 ± 1.17) were observed in treatment T4 which were significantly (P<0.05) higher than T1 but not significantly (P<0.05) different from T2 and T3. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) remained significantly (P<0.05) higher in fingerlings fed once a day as compared to other treatments. Carcass protein and fat were significantly (P<0.05) higher but ash contents were low in groups fed four and three meals d-1 as compared to other groups. Nitrogen retention as indicated by gross protein retention (GPR) values increased, while excretion of metabolites (N-NH4 and o-PO4) decreased with each increase in the frequency of feeding. The second experiment was conducted under field conditions and fingerlings of Catla catla, Labeo rohita and C. mrigala were fed at five different feeding frequencies (once, twice, three times, four times and six times d-1). At the end of 90 days, highest growth performance was observed in fish fed three, four or six times d-1, with no significant differences among these feeding frequencies. Similar effects of feeding frequency were observed on carcass composition. Survival was not significantly (P>0.05) affected. Water quality, nutrients and productivity status of ponds revealed favourable levels and appear to have been affected by feeding frequency. Based on these observations, it appears that, feeding three times a may be accepted as sufficient for growing Indian major carp species.

Domesticated and non-domesticated green leafy vegetables have numerous dietary and health benefits. Investigations on the nutritional qualities and phytochemical constituents of two neglected wild edible leafy vegetables [Microdesmis puberula (Mp) and Bombax buonopozense (Bb)] in Akwa Ibom State were carried-out. The neutraceutical investigations revealed that the vegetables contained bioactive compounds comprising alkaloids (5.824 and 7.23 mg/100g), saponins (1.08 and 1.94 mg/100g), cardiac glycosides (7.48 and 7.96 mg/100g), terpenes (6.20 and 5.27 mg/100g) in Mp and Bb respectively and tannins (1.05 mg/100g) and flavonoids (4.52 mg/100g) in Bb. The bioactive compounds were found in abundance and were significant (p=0.05). Anthraquinones and phlobatannins were not detected in any of the vegetables. Microdesmis puberula and Bombax buonopozense revealed high nutrient qualities in crude proteins, crude fibre, carbohydrates and caloric value with relatively low concentrations in crude lipid, ash and moisture content. The minerals profile; Fe, Zn, Ca, K, Mg and P of the leafy vegetables were high and fell within the permissible limit but significant (p=0.05) increase were noted in Mg, Fe and P (Mp) and K, Fe and (Bb). Vitamins A, B1, B2 and C were significantly (p=0.05). Also, the vegetables contained minute anti-nutrients which ranged as oxalate (0.003 and 0.00 mg/100g), phytate (0.45 and 0.81 mg/100g), tannic acid (0.00 and 1.05 mg/100g) cyanide (0.00 and 0.005 mg/100g) and saponins (1.08 and 1.94 mg/100g) Mp and Bb respectively. All neutraceutical qualities tested fell within the FAO/WHO reference daily intake. The two vegetables are neglected species though they have been described as valuable on account of nutrients, minerals and secondary metabolites they contain. Based on their neutraceuticals status, the consumption of these important food supplements should be encouraged and popularized as these could be beneficial resources for prevention, management and treatment of diseases, food security and improve the nutritional quality of human diet.